The Six Biological Kingdoms

Organisms are traditionally classified into three domains and further subdivided into one of six kingdoms of life. The Six Kingdoms of Life ArchaebacteriaEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Organisms are placed into these categories based on similarities or common characteristics. Some of the characteristics that are used to determine placement are cell type, nutrient acquisition, and reproduction. The two main cell types are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Common types of nutrient acquisition include photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion. Types of reproduction include asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Some more modern classifications abandon the term kingdom. These classifications are based on cladistics, which notes that kingdoms in the traditional sense are not monophyletic,  that is, they do not all have a common ancestor. Archaebacteria Moelyn Photos/Getty Images Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotes  originally thought to be bacteria. They are in the Archaea Domain and have a unique ribosomal RNA type. The cell wall composition of these extreme organisms allows them to live in some very inhospitable places, such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents.  Archaea of the methanogen species can also be found in the guts of animals and humans. Domain: ArchaeaOrganisms: Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, and psychrophilesCell Type: ProkaryoticMetabolism: Depending on species—oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—nutrition intake may by absorption, non-photosynthetic photophosphorylation, or chemosynthesisReproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation Eubacteria NNehring / Getty Images These organisms are considered to be true bacteria and are classified under the Bacteria Domain. Bacteria live in almost every type of environment and are often associated with disease. Most bacteria, however, do not cause disease. Bacteria are the main microscopic organisms that compose the human microbiota. There are more bacteria in the human gut, for instance, than there are body cells. Bacteria ensure that our bodies function normally. These microbes  reproduce at an alarming rate under the right conditions. Most reproduce asexually by binary fission.  Bacteria have varied and distinct bacterial cell shapes including round, spiral, and rod shapes. Domain: BacteriaOrganisms: Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and actinobacteriaCell Type: ProkaryoticMetabolism: Depending on species—oxygen may be toxic, tolerated, or needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—nutrition intake may by absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesisReproduction: Asexual Protista   NNehring / Getty Images The protista kingdom includes a very diverse group of organisms. Some have characteristics of animals (protozoa), while others resemble plants (algae) or fungi (slime molds). These eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus that is enclosed within a membrane. Some protists have organelles that are found in animal cells (mitochondria), while others have organelles that are found in plant cells (chloroplasts). Protists that are similar to plants are capable of photosynthesis. Many protists are parasitic pathogens that cause disease in animals and humans. Others exist in commensalistic or mutualistic relationships with their host. Domain: EukaryaOrganisms: Amoebae, green algae, brown algae, diatoms, euglena, and slime moldsCell Type: EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—nutrition intake may be by absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestionReproduction: Mostly asexual, but meiosis occurs in some species Fungi Luise Thiemann/EyeEm/Getty Images Fungi include both unicellular (yeast and molds) and multicellular (mushrooms) organisms. Unlike plants, fungi are not capable of  photosynthesis.  Fungi are important for the recycling of nutrients back into the environment. They decompose organic matter and acquire nutrients through absorption. While some fungal species contain toxins that are deadly to animals and humans, others have beneficial uses, such as for the production of penicillin and related antibiotics. Domain: EukaryaOrganisms: Mushrooms, yeast, and moldsCell Type: EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolismNutrition Acquisition: AbsorptionReproduction: Sexual or asexual through spore formation Plantae Created by MaryAnne Nelson / Getty Images Plants are extremely important to all life on earth as they provide oxygen, shelter, clothing, food, and medicine for other living organisms. This diverse group contains vascular and nonvascular plants, flowering and nonflowering plants, as well as seed-bearing and non-seed bearing plants. As photosynthetic organisms, plants are primary producers and support life for most food chains in the planets major biomes. Animalia Doug Allan / Getty Images This kingdom includes animal  organisms.  These  multicellular eukaryotes depend on plants and other organisms  for nutrition. Most animals live in aquatic environments  and range in size from tiny tardigrades  to the extremely large blue whale.  Most animals reproduce by sexual reproduction, which involves fertilization (the union of male and female gametes). Domain: EukaryaOrganisms: Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, worms.Cell Type: EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.Nutrition Acquisition: IngestionReproduction: Sexual reproduction occurs in most and asexual reproduction in some.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa ) - 1220 Words

Obstructive sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep–breathing disorder characterized by momentary episodes of either complete breathing cessation for periods of ten seconds or more (apnea) or significant reductions in breathing amplitude (hypopnea) caused by a collapsed or obstructed airway; these two conditions can lead to hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in blood) and hypercapnia (high levels of carbon dioxide in blood). Patients are categorized as having mild, moderate or severe OSA depending on the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), which is defined as the total numbers of apnea/hypopnea episodes per hour of sleep. In normal individuals the index is usually 5 or lower, 5-15 in mild, 15-30 in moderate and 30 or more in severe OSA patients (1, 2). In patients with mild OSA the oxyhemoglobin saturation drops to 95% and can drop below 80% in severe cases. Obstruction of the airways results in greater breathing effort and fluctuations in intrathoracic pressure, resulting in arousal, sleep interru ption and reopening of the airway (3). Risk factors for sleep apnea include obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, smoking, male gender, short neck, and menopause in women. Obesity is one of the main risk factors of sleep apnea since 60% to 90% of OSA patients are obese and there is a strong positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and OSA (4, 5). The overlap of obesity and OSA poses a challenge to ascribing the relative contributions of these comorbidities toShow MoreRelatedObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa ) Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major health problem, as more than 22 million adults in the U.S suffer from OSA.1 The prevalence of moderate to severe OSA in older adults aged 65 and over is twice as high as that in middle-aged adults.2 Unfortunately, estimates suggest that 85% of individuals with moderate to severe OSA remain undiagnosed.3 Individuals with untreated moderate to severe OSA are at a greater risk for depression (DEP), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia compared to individualsRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )1602 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an ever-increasing problem affecting millions of people in the United States. The prevalence of OSA has risen drastically over the past few decades concurrently with the increasing prevalence of obesity. Subsequently, there has been an ever-increasing rise in the use of CPAP. While there are many adverse effects to the use of CPAP, the majority are described as being relatively benign. Here we discuss a case of significant sudden sensorineural hearingRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )1199 Words   |  5 Pages INTRODUCTION Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a primary sleep disorder caused by repeated partial or complete upper airway collapse despite an ongoing effort to breathe during sleep. It is estimated that 22 millions of Americans suffer from OSA; 80% of men and 93% of women with moderate to severe OSA have not been diagnosed. There is a higher prevalence of moderate to severe OSA in the elderly (aged 65 or older) than in other age groups.[1] In patients with OSA, there are high rates of depressionRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )2044 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be a common form of sleep-disordered breathing and increase the overall risk of mortality by one and a half times in serious cases, many patients with OSA remain undiagnosed and unrecognized by healthcare professionals (Stuart et al, 2013). Depending on the source, up to approximately 10% of women and 25% of men have OSA, while the overall prevalence of OSA in the general population is bet ween 3% and 7%. OSA is more common in individuals who areRead MoreOsa Case Study976 Words   |  4 PagesThe consequences of undiagnosed and untreated OSA are medically serious and economically costly. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered the gold standard of treatment for OSA along with lifestyle modifications. With CPAP use, patients can reduce their healthcare utilization and save money by reducing the impact of OSA symptoms, comorbidities, and motor vehicle accidents. Direct costs associated with comorbidities include increased medical expenses, emergency room visits, hospitalRead MoreRisk Factors For Cardiovascular Disease957 Words   |  4 Pagesand according to the literature, the numbers of cases are increasing (Martinez-Garcia et al. 2013). As of recent, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been recognized as a risk factor in the development of hypertension according to European and US International guidelines (Pepin et al. 2014). Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep, consequently ending in intermittent asphyxia. Moreover, this disruption increases brain arousal, transient hypoxemiaRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea620 Words   |  3 Pages Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is when someone is experiencing episodes of cessation of breaths during sleep because of their upper airway relaxing and obstructing air flow during sleep. The episodes usually last for ten seconds or greater and is usually accompanied with a decreased oxygen saturation. Although the airway is relaxed and obstructing airflow, the body (brain) is still attempting to breathe. When breathing has resumed from its apneic state, there is usually a loud gasping snore and orRead MoreStudy Design And Population Of Pediatric Sleep Centre1676 Words   |  7 PagesMETHODS Study design and population This is a prospective case series study that enrolled 66 children aged 5 − 18 years who were presented with nocturnal enuresis (NE). The study was conducted in two centers; Pediatric Sleep Centre (Rome, Italy) where 28 children enrolled and Alexandria Main University Hospital (Alexandria, Egypt) where 38 children enrolled. All children with evidence of urinary tract infection, urinary tract anatomical abnormalities, associated chromosomal syndromes, intellectualRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea At School Aged Children Presented With Nocturnal Enuresis2104 Words   |  9 PagesObstructive sleep apnea in school aged children presented with nocturnal enuresis INTRODUCTION Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is an abnormal breathing pattern during sleep characterized by snoring and increased respiratory effort and with variable severity where obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) constitutes the most severe form of it. Childhood OSA has been accepted recently to be associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including both cognitive and behavioural deficits. (1)Read MoreResearch Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article1077 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 26, 2012 Research Critique, Part 2: Critique of Quantitative Research Article The population who are diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often experience daytime drowsiness and are at risk for ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, hypertension, and other vascular related problems (Hsu et al., 2007). There are several treatment options for people with OSA, which are weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), dental appliances, and surgical procedure. This study evaluates

Risk and Social Theory in Environmental Management

Question: Discuss about the Risk and Social Theory in Environmental Management. Answer: Introduction I am currently attached atLeal Technology Company.Leal Technology is an informational technology sales and service provider based in Darwin. The company has been in operations for the past 14 years. I am working at IT help-desk level one as an IT technician where my main duties areassembling PCs and fixing bugs in programs. This paper contains my proposed project. Project scope statement During my internship period, I have noted that one bigchallengefacing thecompany is inability to maintain customer loyalty. Customer loyalty to the brand mainly emanates from the consumer satisfaction derived fromsales and after sales service. Loyalty matters in maintainingbusiness profits and creation of new customers. In this project, I will developan application to manageloyalty rewarding to customers. The loyalty application will enable the company to manage and reward of customer loyalty by creating an interface of interaction. The application will keep records of the customer purchases over a givenperiod as well as records of rewards in different levels to be given to customers. Customers in different levels will be rewarded differently with motivation to get to next level. The application alerts the customer as well as the managementthat a reward is about to be given to a particular customer. The application works with android and windows operating system. Therefore the application will contribute to sustained growth in the company.To developing the application, I will assume that the company will finance the entire project, provide two programmers and the project will generate huge sales. The project is bound to face financial constraints, inadequate time due to time committed to internship and management approval of the project. Finally the applicationmay face theft risk, financial risk and performance risk. Risk avoidance is the kind of risk treatment measure that warrants the client to do away with Symbian operating system phones as they carry a huge risk compared to the benefits(Investopedia, 2016). Risk transfer is the kind of risk treatment suitable to handle the section of a project that is difficult for the company to perform. The treatment involves sharing the risk with another party through contractual terms. E.g. Outsourcing, insurance or joint ventures That has not qualified for a risk transfer. The risk transfer requires that the party bearing part of the riskincur both technical and financial cost to do the project. As for the employment of an expert, the company still incurs the financial cost as well as the technical cost. Employment of an expert qualifies for a reducing the likely hood of the risk occurring(Measham and Lockie, 2012). Risk avoidance activity ensures that, no activities carried out associated with the kind of risk that is more costly compared to the benefits derived. On the other hand, risk acceptance treatment measure accepts the risk involved does not warrant any adequate additional cost(Scu.edu.au, 2016) References Beyondphilosophy.com. (2016).Customer Loyalty | Beyond Philosophy. [online] Available at: https://beyondphilosophy.com/customer-experience/customer-loyalty/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2016]. Investopedia. (2016).Accepting Risk. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/accepting-risk.asp [Accessed 20 Nov. 2016]. Investopedia. (2016).What is the difference between risk avoidance and risk reduction?. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/040315/what-difference-between-risk-avoidance-and-risk-reduction.asp [Accessed 20 Nov. 2016]. Measham, T. and Lockie, S. (2012).Risk and social theory in environmental management. 1st ed. CScu.edu.au. (2016).Risk Responses - Risk Management - SCU. [online] Available at: https://scu.edu.au/risk_management/index.php/6 [Accessed 20 Nov. 2016]. ollingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Gender Roles Essay Example For Students

Their Eyes Were Watching God Gender Roles Essay Clausell 1It has been prevalently believed, by professional and laypersons alike, that boys and girls in our society are socialized differently and in ways that encourage behavior consistent with our cultural definitions of appropriate sex role behaviors. Sex differences in the socialization differences of parents (mostly mothers) have been described and discussed by many researchers over the years. Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) offered the summary evaluation that the two sexes has revealed to our surprise little differentiation in parent behavior according to the sex of the children (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1966). Despite these negative conclusions, however, the authors did find evidence that parents tend to shape their male and female children in sex-appropriate ways, by dressing them differently, by encouraging sex typed interests, by providing sex-appropriate toys, and by assigning sex-differentiated toys ( Hartley, 1964). Parental sex-typing behaviors, however, even narrowly defined when viewed in the context of self and sex role development, may be important. For example, Whiting and Edwards (1975) described one process by which sex assigned chores may contribute to later behavioral differences noted between boys and girls. Citing data obtained from field studies in six cultures, noted that girls, more frequently than boys, are assigned domestic and childcare chores (looking after young children, cooking, cleaning, food preparation, grinding) and that girls are assigned responsibilities at an earlier age than boys. Boys, in contrast, are assigned chores that take them from the immediate vicinity of the house, and are given responsibility for feeding, posturing, and herding animals. For boys and girls, these sex differences in assigned work are associated with different frequencies of interactions with various categories of people. Girls interact more often with both adults and infants, whereas boys i nteract significantly more often with peers. Whiting and Edwards suggest that to some extent the observed behavioral differences between boys and girls in the sample might be a function of sex distinctions in assigned chores. Younger girls in all cultures were found to be significantly more nurturing (offering help and giving support) and significantly more responsible than boys. We will write a custom essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Viewed from another, quite different perspective, these parental shaping behaviors urge the child toward sex-appropriate interests, activities, tasks, and the like may be seen as labeling behaviors. According to the cognitive developmental theory of sex typing as explicated by Kohlberg (1966) and endorsed by Maccoby and Jacklin (1974), sex typing is initiated by the very early labeling of the child with respect to gender. The gender labeling becomes an organizing becomes rubric around which the child actively, selectively, and with increasing complexity constructs a personal sex role definition. Through experience with parents, siblings, and peers, with the outside world, with the media, and with books, the child learns through a variety of techniques including enviornmental manipulation, tutoring and reinforcement; those responses, interests, activities, clothes, play materials, and tasks that are deemed consistent with sex categorization (Whicker and Kronenfeld , 1986). Sex differentiated parental socialization practices, many of which are reinforced by other socializing agents, contribute to the divergent strategies developed by boys and boys to cope with discrepant experiences. The data from several sources agree that socialization behaviors manifest more frequently by parents of females who tend to foster proximity, discourage independent problem solving, restrict exploration, minimize contingency experiences, and discourage active play and experimentation in the physical world. Because females are provided fewer opportunities for independent exploration and experimentation, because their toys encourage imitative play, because their play activities are more structured, and because proximity to mothers facilitates imitative behaviors, females are more likely to rely on existing structures in processing new inputs. .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa , .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .postImageUrl , .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa , .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa:hover , .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa:visited , .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa:active { border:0!important; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa:active , .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34f47430d44c24e4084a6bb871daadfa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hernan Cortes EssayIn contrast, the socialization experiences of males appear to be less constraining of activity and more encouraging of exploration. Because boys are given greater freedom to venture into the outside world, they are more often in a position to encounter situations that must be dealt with independently. These early experiences of males, which demand reexamination of premises, restructuring of understandings, and the construction of new schemata, many serve to prepare males for the less predictable, less structured world that will inhabit in their adult lives (Block, 1984). Another active area of research on female achievement grows out of cognitive and social psychology and is known as the attribution theory.