Thursday, April 4, 2019

Aquaculture And Fishing Industries Environmental Sciences Essay

Aqua tillage And sport look for Industries environmental Sciences EssayWhat atomic number 18 aquaculture and seeking industries? Aquaculture is the art, science and business of rearing aquatic organisms in orthogonal or oceanic pee to a lower place fakeled or semi-controlled conditions. The tilting industry activity concerned with culturing, processing, preserving and marketing of tilt and seek products.Next, there argon many types of aquaculture. For example, types of aquaculture argon extensive province or cage floriculture and intensive aquaculture. Furthermore, the types of tiping industries includes commercial-gradeized look foring, tip floriculture, look for processing, fish products and fish marketing.Besides of types of aquaculture, there are in addition includes methods of aquaculture. Examples for methods of aquaculture enquired intimately-defined crystallize pens or cages, ponds, race slip charge, recirculation systems and mollusk culture. Howeve r examples for methods of angle industries included marchesinal/troll fishermen, purse seining, gillnetting, traps and pots, harpooning and trolling.Aquaculture and sport fish industries are considered as developing celestial spheres in Malaysia. These industries are contributed to the Gross home(prenominal) Product (GDP), economic growth and providing jobs opportunity to communities as well as to enhance the wel out-of-the-way(prenominal)e and choice of life.Aquaculture is the art, science and business of rearing aquatic organisms in fresh or maritime wet chthonian controlled or semi-controlled conditions. Furthermore, the definition of aquaculture screw be break down to two components such as the term aquatic refers to a variety of peeing environments which including fresh peeing, brackish water system and marine and the term of Aquatic organisms that doer the interest with regard to human food include a wide variety of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates.Aquaculture similarly is the gardening of freshwater and saltwater organisms such as finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. It is also cognize as aqua farming. For examples, aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic populations under controlled conditions and contrasted with commercial fishing which is the harvesting of fantastical fish.1.3 Type of Aquaculture at that place are two popular types of fish farming which are extensive farming and intensive farming.What is extensive farming. Extensive farming essence the farming which is easier to set up and maintain because no need for advanced water quality control systems. Ocean waters near the shore with good tidal flushing are the place that or so adapted for extensive farming. However, reliance on nature for water management make environmental businesss happened. For example, the algae kick is happened by concentrated waste and nutrients. The shipway to prevent and reduce the risks to the environment are more unfastened sites and attention to cage density so-and-so be establish for those countries that go the species already native in that area.An otherwise type of aquaculture is intensive aquaculture. Intensive aquaculture encourages the use of intensive and closed-loop systems for aquaculture. In these systems, almost all the water is recycled with at most 5%-10% of water being replaced each day. Furthermore, as the water is in a closed loop, the waste from the fish will not impact the surrounding environments. The ability to stack change tanks makes intensive farming particularly well suited to flat fish such as flounder. The immemorial downside is the complexity of the recycling systems. However, intensive aquaculture also provides an opportunity for landlocked nations to become involved and stacking tanks that permits for big(a) numbers pool of fish in a single facility.1.4 Methods of AquacultureThere are five methods of aquaculture that included by open net pens or cages, ponds, racew ays, recirculation systems and mollusk culture.Firstly, Salmon, the fish enclose in open net pens or cages that in general exist in offshore coastal areas or in freshwater lakes. The high-impact aquaculture method prevalently refers to net pens. This is because the waste from the fish great accept passes freely into the surrounding environment and contaminate wild home ground. Farmed fish tin flee and compete the indwelling resources with wild fish or intersect with wild fish of the corresponding species that will compromise the wild population. For examples, diseases and parasites fag end spread to wild fish through swimming noncurrent net pens.Next, ponds is the place that enclose fish in a coastal or inland soundbox of fresh or salt water. This manner is use to raise fish, wolffish and tilapia. After that, wastewater atomic number 50 be contained and treated. The surrounding environment and groundwater can be polluted by the discharge of untreated wastewater from the ponds. More all over, the construction of shrimp ponds in mangrove forests has ruined more than 3.7 million acres of coastal habitat of import to fish, birds and humans.Raceways allow farmers convert water from a watercourse, like a stream or well and to make it easily flows through channels that containing fish. Furthermore, farmers normally diverting it back into a natural waterway after treating the water. If the farmers untreated the water, wastewater from the raceways can affect waterways and spread out disease. Farmed fish can say-soly escape and compete with wild fish for natural resources. Besides this, escaped fish can interbreed with wild fish of the same species which lead the health of wild population at risk.Recirculation systems raise fish in the tanks where the water must be treated and recycled through this system. All the types of finfish species like striped bass, chromatic and sturgeon can be raised in recirculation systems. Recirculation systems can addres s many environmental concerns associated with fish farming in which fish cannot escape and wastewater is treated. However, the costs of treatment for wastewater are expensive and in truth rely on electricity or other power sources.Shellfish culture means that the types of shellfish such as oysters, mussels, and clams can grow on beaches or suspend them in water by ropes, plastic trays or mesh bags. Mostly, farmers use filter feeders and clean water to thrive. This is because filter feeders can filter excess nutrients out of the water but the farming shellfish with high densities in areas with tidal flow can lead the waste accumu new-maked.1.5 Species GroupsSpecies groups of aquaculture include finfish, shellfish, crustaceans, echinoderms and algae.The farming of finfish consider as the most common in aquaculture because it raised fish in tanks, ponds or ocean with the main purpose that is to meet the direct for food.fish hatchery is an adoption that used to release immature fish in to the wild for recreational fishing. For examples, salmon, carp, tilapia, catfish and chide are the types of fish hatchery.Secondly, abalone and oyster farming is the types of shellfish farming. Abalone farming began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, this industry has become increasingly successful. Next, over-fishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies the most abalone meat.Thirdly, crustacean farming involve shrimp farming and fresh water prawn farming. Virtually all farmed shrimp are penaeids (shrimp of the family Penaeide). There are two species of shrimp that involved the Penaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) and the Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) account for roughly 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to disease which has decimated shrimp populations across entire regions.Echinoderm farming is one of the methods of aquaculture. Commer cially harvested echinoderms include sea cucumbers and sea urchins. For examples, sea cucumbers are farmed in articial ponds as monstrous as 1,000 acres (400 ha) in China.Last but not least, algae farming such as microalgae also referred to as phytoplankton, microphyte or planktonic algae constitute the majority of cultivater algae and macroalgae that commonly known as seaweed. Despite seaweeds have many commercial and industrial uses but they are not easily cultivated on a large scale.1.6 Benefits of AquacultureThe benefits can be categorized into three general types that are economic, friendly and environmental. In the case of aquaculture, the potential for financial gains was the initial cause of growth in the industry. tender and environmental benefits are also being totaled as valid reasons for growing aquaculture sector in the United States.First of all, economic benefits gain from aquaculture. The income of country is generated for the communities and countries by aquacult ure. For examples, exporting of aquaculture product to the foreign country can provides security to our economies and cultures.Next, many job opportunities are provided by fish farming from the view of social benefits in aquaculture nowadays. Aquaculture is the potential agriculture to provide those fishermen put out of their call ons as well as new recruits with a job in aquaculture.Lastly, environmental benefits will decrease the pressure on wild fisheries. The fisheries in many cosmoss are categorized at unhealthy or unsustainable levels. A growing aquaculture sector can decrease the pressure on wild fish stocks and provide market demand for farmed fish as great as the demand for wild fish. However, fisheries economics and policies have implications for the ability of aquaculture to replace or provide an alternate to wild ginger nutes.1.7 Impacts of AquacultureThe main impact of aquaculture is the pollution of inland and coastal waters. Aquaculture is different with mollusk fa rming because there are many species of fish rely on a diet of artificial feed in pellet form. This feed is broadcast onto the surface of the water and feed by the fish as it settles through the water column. Due to not all the feed is consumed, a great deal of feed can reach the female genitals where it is eaten by the benthos or break down by microorganisms. This modification of the natural food web construction can significantly affect the local environment. many a(prenominal) studies have indicated feeding exceedingly in fish farms is the forcefulness of changes in benthic community structure because a high food supply whitethorn favor slightly organisms over others. Moreover, tame animals may die in water diminish of oxygen resulting from microbial break down while the smooth population may transfer to other areas.Next, eutrophication is the second impact of concentrate fish culture where the water surrounding raising pens or the rivers receiving aquaculture effluent. s earch waste matter and fecal wastes mix with nutrients released from the breakdown of overfeed to raise nutrient levels well above normal, creating an ideal environment for algal blooms to form. The way to compound the enigma is most feed that formulated to contain more nutrients than necessary for most applications. When algal blooms die, they settle to the bottom where their decomposition can reduce the oxygen. There is potentially that algal toxins are produced before they die.Then, the impacts of aquaculture is on natural stocks. Clearly, feeding fish is a fish leads to a net loss of protein in a protein-short world and directly military group on natural stocks, but aquaculture may have a plenty of corroboratory impact on the natural environment. Almost all the marine or brackish water culture is relying upon natural fisheries for some aspect of operations. Although more and more hatcheries are being constructed to provide seed for shellfish and finfish culture, most farms st ill capture wild animals for brood stock or for a source of larvae. In some cases, collection of wild-caught shrimp larvae to stock ponds has damage thousands of other larval species in the process.The full effect of removing natural fish stocks from food webs is difficult to predict. When fish are removed to make fish meal, slight food may be available for commercially valuable predatory fish and for other marine predators such as seabirds and seals. This effect exacerbates large-scale problems caused by global warming and the El Nino phenomenon. The El Nino of 1997-1998 is considered to be the second strongest warm event in the tropical and subtropical Pacific this century. The shift in water temperature make a severe decline in biomass and total production of small oceanic fish leading to change food webs and a lack of fish meal and fish oil.Furthermore, there is habitat destruction in mangrove forests. There are over 400,000 hectares of mangroves have been altered into brackis h water aquaculture for the cultivating of shrimp in Asia. For examples, farmed shrimp is used to raise the befoolings of a developing countrys foreign exchange. tropical mangroves are the habitat that prevent erosion, good quality of coastal water and cultivate many marine organisms. A sustainable and renewable resource of firewood, timber, pulp, and charcoal from mangrove forests are contributed for the local communities. These habitats are removeed and it is very difficult for the rehabilitation is the one of the ways to build the bank of ponds for shrimp farming. Unfortunately, shrimp ponds are profitable only for a short term because they are limited demand in the shrimp market.Besides that, socio-economic is also one of the impacts of aquaculture. There are many countries that accept the aquaculture because income generated from the export of aquacultures products that can good can lead to a long-range social benefits. Furthermore, many rural communities also enjoy the han dicraft opportunities which related to aquaculture but there are some conflicts happened when crash occurred between traditional employment and the aquaculture industry. The important is resource ownership of aquaculture locations is questionable. The economic benefits are more emphasizes compared to the issues of pollution and social problems.2.0 FISHING INDUSTRIES2.1 Definition of tilting IndustryThe fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or for use as raw material in other industrial processes.sportfishing is defined by the activity of inherited fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for griping fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.The fishing industry is made up of a great number of independent operators who sell their produce as independent contractors to fish processing plants. It is also made up of fishermen and fishing boat crews working for commercial fleets some of which belong to processing companies.2.3 Types of Fishing IndustryCommercial fishing is the activity of capturing fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provide a large quantity of food to many countries nigh the world but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Large scale commercial fishing is also known as industrial fishing. Commercial fishermen harvest a wide variety of animals, ranging from tuna, put one across and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become ver y efficient using large nets and manufacturing plant ships. Commercial fishing gears today are surrounding nets, seine nets, trawls, dredge, hooks and lines, lift nets, gillnets, entangling nets and traps. There are large and important fisheries worldwide for various species of fish and crustaceans. However, a very small number of species nutriment the majority of the worlds fisheries.Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture while other methods may fall under marine culture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. Fish hatchery is a facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species natural numbers. The most common fish species raised by fish farms are salmon, carol, tilapia, European seabass, catfish and cod. Increasing demands on wild fisheries by commercial fishing has caused widespread overfishing. Fish farming offers an alternative solution to the increasing market de mand for fish and fish protein.Fish processing is the processing of fish and other seafood deliver by fisheries, which are the supplier of the fish products industry. Although the term refer specifically to fish, in practice it is extended to cover all aquatic organisms harvested for commercial purposes, whether harvested from cultured or wild stocks. The largest fish processing companies can have their own fleets. The products of the industry are usually sold wholesale to foodstuff chains or to intermediaries. Fish processing may be subdivided into two major categories that is fish discussion and fish products manufacturing. Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets. The secondary processing that produces chilled, nipping and canned products for the retail and catering trades.Fish and fish products are consumed as food all over the world. Fish and o ther aquatic organisms are processed into various food and non-food products. Fish oil is recommended for a healthy diet because it contains the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA), precursors to eicosanoids that reduce inflammation throughout the body. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. Fish meal is made from both whole fish and the bones and offal from processed fish. It is a brown powder or cake obtained by rendering pressing the whole fish or fish trimmings to remove the fish oil. It used as a high-protein supplement in aquaculture feed. sea horse, star fish, sea urchin abd sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine. The sea snails Murex brandaris and Murex Trunculus are used to make the pigment Tyrian purple. Some sepia pigment is made from the inky secretions of cuttlefish.Fish marketing is the marketing and sale of fish products. It would require special facilities for transportation and holding in wholesale and retail markets. When they have to process before marketing it will undoubtedly be advantageous to bond the production centre with transport, storage, preservation or processing system of general fish marketing. This will allow fuller control of market outlets and prices, allowing grater marketing flexibility.Method of FishingFirst method is using a fishing pole and bait by pole troll fishermen to catch the fishes, encompasses from tuna to cod. This type of fishing is called pole troll fishing. It is environmental friendly and a good alternative to pelagic longline. Unlike pelagic longlines, the rate of bycatch I pole troll fishing is diminishing.Next, purse seining is use with a large wall of netting to enclose fishes. Fishermen pull the bottom of the netting closed like a train purse to herd fish into the center. The types of purse seines used depend on which species of fish like sardines or othe r animals like school of dolphins.Gillnetting is a net that uses curtains of netting and hang with floats and weights. Function of floats and weights are to dumbfound the net to the sea ground or make it to float at the surface of the sea. The purpose of this netting makes the fish invisible to it so the fishes will swim into it. Gillnets are used to catch sardines, salmon and cod yet the sharks and sea turtles accidently.Longlining is string with small lines of baited hooks and swinging at flat spaced intervals. It can be put near the surface or place on the sea ground to catch pelagic fish like tuna and deep dwelling fish. Lonlining also cause bycatch problem because some of the animals like sea turtle, sharks and seabird can be collected to the bait. However, by lowering the longlining to deeper sea bycatch can be reduced.Trawls and dredges are nets set at different depths to catch fish. Trawl nets are dragged along the sea ground to catch fish like pollock, cod, flounder and s hrimp. Meanwhile, dredging is carry out by localization of function a strong frame that attached with mesh bag along the sea bed to catch animals which is living in the sand catches, such as scallops, clams and oysters. Both trawls and dredge activities intentionally can damage the sea floor and results in bycatch risk.Fishermen submerged wire or wood cages on the bottom ocean to attract fish with bait and hold them alive until fishermen return to haul in the catch. This fishing method is known as traps and pot. Mostly, fishermen catch lobsters, crabs, shrimp, sablefish and Pacific cod by this method. They have less(prenominal) negative impact if compare to trawls in unintended catch and sea floor impact.One of the established method for catching large fish and still used until today by skilled fishermen is harpooning. When a harpooner spots a fish, he thrusts or shoots a long aluminum or woody harpoon into the animal and hauls it aboard. Harpooners catch large, pelagic predators like blue fin tuna and swordfish. Harpooning is an environmentally responsible for(p) fishing method. Bycatch of unwanted marine life is not a issue because harpoon fishermen visually identify the species and size of the targeted fish before killing it.Trolling is a hook-and-line method that hauls a fishing lines behind or alongside of a boat. Due to different depths, fishermen use different types of lures and baits to troll and attract for different kinds of fish. Trollers catch the fish such as salmon, mahi mahi and albacore tuna which will following a moving lure or bait. Trolling is a fishing method that will not destroy or harm the environment. Since the fishing lines are reeled in soon after a fish load downs the bait, fishermen can release fish that is unwanted from their hooks immediately.Effect of Fishing IndustriesOverfishing occurs when fishing activities reduce fish stocks down the stairs an acceptance level. This can occur in any body of water from a pond to the oce ans. at long last overfishing may lead to resource depletion in cases of subsidized fishing, low biological growth rates and little low biomass. For example, overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems. The ability of fisheries to naturally witness also depends on whether the conditions of the ecosystems are suitable for population growth. Dramatic changes in species composition may establish other symmetricalness energy flows that involve other species compositions than had been present before. For example, remove almost all the trout and the carp might take over and make it nearly impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population.A sustainable fishery produces agreeable output over an indefinite period without damaging the environment. It combines with some theoretical disciplines, for example preventing overfishing through a few techniques, like quota of fishing for individual, lowering the practices of illegal fishing. This can be don e by carrying out of related regulation and law, protected areas is created, restoring destructed fisheries and also organizing some campaigns and certification program. The main issue about sustainability is heavy fishing pressure, such as over exploitation and growth overfishing will cause the loss potential yield, stock structure will erode to the point where it loses diversity and resilience to environment fluctuation, and economic stem and ecosystem will cycle between collapse and recovery.The resource usage in governmental goal usually is the weak part in the system of fisheries management because both having different objective in fisheries management. The political objective are to maximize sustainable biomass and economic yield, increase the employment in certain areas, and also secure the supply of food and production of protein.Ways to Reduce the Effect of Fishing IndustriesOne of the ways to reduce the effect of fishing industries is stopping the slaughter. WWFs Globa l Marine Programmer is having cooperation relationship with all fisheries virtually the world with aim to reduce harm of ecosystem that caused by damaging and wasting fishing practices. They are direction on work o f by catch since it was one of the greatest and most permeative threats to the life in ocean. In the year of 2004, WWF created a Global By catch Initiative with admiration to sustainable fisheries and species conservation. The initiative along with fishing industry, conservation organization, government and academia in searching the ways of reducing by catch and promote the ways to world. In order to reduce the negative impacts of fishing, the toil includes combining conservation of fisheries management and strengthening fisheries policy, terminating the practices of destructive fishing and identifying selective fishing gear.The second way is to stop overfishing. In order to stop overfishing, a key area of World Wildlife gunstocks work on sustainable fishing is engagi ng with the fishing industry and governments to improve fisheries management. World Wildlife Fund also pay attention on incorporating ecosystem-based management into the way of fisheries are managed, such as reduce message of fishing to the levels that can sustain the marine ecosystems, reduce fishing pressure to allow over-exploited fish populations to recover and ensure the maintenance of healthy populations. Other than that, fisheries policy should be strengthen and promote fairer Fisheries Partnership Agreements for fishing in foreign waters and reduce illegal fishing.The following way is promoting sustainable seafood. World Wildlife Fund is promoting economic and consumer initiatives, and trade management measures that encourage sustainable fisheries. A main focus of work involves stay the activities of the Marine Stewardship Council, an independent organization. It is recognizes via a certification programme, sustainable marine fisheries and their products. World Wildlife Fu nd established a Sustainable Seafood Choices project in 2005 to aim at the retail and market end of the seafood industry to support the MSCs work. In partnership with other Non Government Organizations, the project combines advocacy, strategic partnerships, and communications to raise the profile of sustainable seafood products with consumers and markets, and provide guidance on their purchase.3.0 CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, aquaculture will be one of the most feasible and practicable methods use to supply the demands of the world. But there are many challenges and difficulties for maintaining the profitability and environmental compatibility of aquaculture occurred. Many governments wish for the development, evolution and expansion of aquaculture which is concentrate and centralize on the economic growth. But some of the governments have started to enforce and actualize stricter regulatory recommendations addressing environmental and social issues to assure and fight on the sustainabi lity of aquaculture.Malaysia has made evolvement and development in the establishment of legal and regulatory scheme which are having a positive effect on aquaculture growth at the beginning and with the requirements that people also have to maintain the balance of ecosystems.Fishing industries also play a significant role in contributed and fulfillment the various demands of people among the world. community can get sufficient and enough supply of fish at anytime and anyplace from global. Besides, it also provides a large number and potential jobs opportunity to the community and it will reduce unemployment eventually. Because of the high employment, income of the community and the income earn by country will increase and it will improve the quality of life directly.

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