Effect of Music on Heart Rate | Experiment

Effect of Music on Heart Rate ExperimentDaniella Urteaga soil InformationThe spunk is a vital organ made of cardiac muscle that pumps line of business throughtaboo the tree trunk. Heart invest is associated with the contraction of the diametrical chambers of the flavor, and is considered myogenic. As a result, the soft summationedness beat is controlled independently of the of import nervous system and is instead controlled by the pacemaker, excessively kn induce as the Sino arterial node. The node sends signals through nerves in the heart to opposite nodes such as the AV or atrio-ventricular node and these result in the contraction of the chambers (Copeland, 1991). Heart direct is the number of heart crush per unit of time, typic on the whole in ally expressed in beats per gauzy or metronome marking. The mean(a) heart position at rest under regulation conditions of adolescents and adults is 63.3 beats per minute 13.1 bpm, with variability of 3.2 bpm 2.1 (Leschk a, 2006). Other factors also buzz off an check on the heart beat and heart station such as the medulla of the brain of the hormone adrenaline.External stimuli or external factors also result in alterations of the heart rate. These include carnal and emotional factors. one type of external stimuli that is visualisen to have make on the heart rate is sound, specifically euphony. Music is currently being considered to be used as the rapy for coronary conditions as well as on anxiety (Smolen et al, 2002). In addition, medicinal drug is widely prevalent in the lives of adolescents. Teenagers in this day argon age are exposed to harmony on a reparation basis and a majority of adolescents living in the United States own mp3 or I-Pods (Epperson, 2011). Also, there are medication therapies avail commensurate for autistic patients that show improvement in their communication skills and behavior over time because of the true symphony played in the therapy session.Sound has been shown to have effects on the heart rate. The add up volume at which adolescents listen to medical specialty is 80 decibels which is approximately 80% volume on a medication worker using standard headphones (Epperson, 2011). Increasing volume has been shown to increase the heart rate, and fall volume has been shown to lower the heart rate (Okamoto, 2011). In addition, studies have been conducted that look into different genres of melody and their effects on heart rate as well as other heart application such as blood pressure.Personal Engagement StatementThe reason for doing this test is to reckon to what extent are we affected by music on a physical level. The reason I decided to focus on musics physical effect is because of how it is mostly populaten to have a more(prenominal) mental and emotional effect on our mood. I want to investigate how an nonchalant thing like music can cause physical heighten in our bodies by the different type of genres that come with it. Th is topic thought was also bowd by the fact I have been involved in musical groups, orchestra and mariachi, since I was 12 old age old. The contrast betwixt these two distinct musical groups, one soothing and the other festive, lead me to demand upon musics effect in general. I want to not only know the passing between authorised and mariachi music, but also engage into make all the other music with varied pacings.ExplorationThe topic I pull up stakes be conducting an experiment on depart be the take of musics effect on our heart rate. My research question my whole experiment will be found on is What effect does the different genres of music have on an adolescents rested heart rate? The dependent variant of this experiment is going to be the heart rate because it will transpose or not due to the music, and I am going to bill the heart rate by beats per minute. My experiments independent variable quantity will be the genre of music since it will not depend on the ot her variable for shift. The controlled variables of this experiment will be the musics volume, headphones used, outset heart rate, the device used to play music, and the age and gender of the test motifs. possiblenessIf the music is loud and has a luxuriant tempo, then I deal your heart rate will increase because the tempo causes people to pillow faster. However, music with a slower and softer tempo, like classic music, causes the opposite effects on your heart rate. The research that helps back my hypothesis up is how Sakamoto found, for the diary of Sound and Vibration, that there was an increase in systolic and diastolic pressure, which are the get-go and second reading in blood pressure, during impression to stiff noise and music with high colour peaks. Since heart rate and blood pressure work interchangeably, like when exercising, it is a strong indicator heart rate will be affect by the musics genre based on the research. According to a study performed in Japan, hea ring absolute music results in a miniature variance of Mayer Wave which results in the intemperate of the heart rate (Mamoru, 1998). This is because the sympathetic nerve is suppressed by the sound of classical music. In addition, rapid changes in volume and fast paced tempos cause the heart rate to increase (Epperson, 2011). These elements are what techno songs are placid of, and therefore an increased heart rate can be predicted upon earr distributively(prenominal) to them.Independent Variable The independent variable is the genre of music the yield is exposed to bandage their heart rate is being measured. The levels of the independent variable will include five different genres of music. These will include classical music, pop music, jazz music, techno music, and country music. These genres vary in style and tempo or speed.Dependent Variable Heart rate which will be measured by beats per minuteControlled Variable Volume of music, headphones used, starting heart rate, devi ce used, age, gender, the quietness of room environment, and the position of field age exposed to music.Materials Headphones, iPhone for the music, stopwatch, paper, calculator, and pencil.Procedure Data Collection will be a sample sizing of at least 30 trials ranging from the age of 14-18. For all(prenominal) age year, in total 5, there will be at least half-dozen trails for each subject that is of ever age, turning out to be 30 trials in total. My subjects will have a human body of males and females.Make sure to pick a quite outside or room environment where there is minimal distractions or conversations. waive the subject to sit in the conduce in an upright position, ensuring that his/her back is against the riding horse of the chair and his/her feet are firmly planted in the ground.Place headphones in the subjects two ears, but do not play all music yet. This is to ensure that the act of wearing headphones is not an additional factor.Conduct the archetypal trial for th e experimental control.Allow the subject to sit in the chair for three legal proceeding without the addition of music to rest their heart rate as much as possible.Write down resting heart rate of subject by finding their radial thrill. (To find the radial momentum I will put my index and third finger on the subjects wrist nearest their body. I will use the pads of my fingers. Place them nevertheless below the wrist creases on the thumb side. Press lightly until I feel the blood pulsing under their skin).Once three minutes have passed, measure subjects heart by using beats per minute. In order to do this begin the stop watch after the first pulse is felt. Count the number of pulses felt until the stop watch reads 60 secondsAllow the subject one minute of silence before continuing with the rest of the trials.Conduct the trials involving the different levels of the independent variable.Set the volume on the iPhone to medium volume.After one minute of silence since the first pulse reading has elapsed, begin playing the pop music. (Ensure that the iPhone is set on double in case the song is too short. If this step is forgotten, the song may switch and the trial will not be valid for use)Allow the subject to listen to the song for three minutes on a constant volume.During the three minute time interval, set any changes in heart rate when finding their radial pulse.As the subject listens to the music, note changes in facial expression, skin temperature, skin color (paleness or redness), and goaded movement as qualitative data.Allow the subject one minute of silence before continuing with the rest of the trials.Repeats steps 6a- 6g for all genres of music (jazz, classical, techno, and country).Repeat steps 1-5 until I get a sample size of 30 trials.Calculate the average for each subject and the respective genres of music in order to make a re donationation of the data.Measure the per centum change in the pulse comparing the experimental control and all genre s of music bpm in order to calculate the effect of the intensity of physical effect on the heart rate.Ensure collection is significant, germane(predicate) data by pooling the data. This will make sure that there is abbreviation even if this sample size may be too small to evaluate the effect or social intercourseship of the study.Safety, ethical or environmental issuesTo make sure this experiment is conducted in the safest and ethical manner, I will make sure the songs chosen are censored from any pellucid language during the trials. Also, I will make sure the volume of the music is not very loud for the subjects to prevent any hearing injuries to take place. I will also make sure the headphones used epoch this experiments are always clean for each subject to prevent any possible ear infections.Data CollectionQualitativeDuring this experimental procedure, I noticed various qualitative observations. Each genre of music unwrapmed to have a different effect on the subjects. Some effects were pestilent, while others were more noticeable. No changes in the skin color or body temperature were noted in this experimental procedure. However, slight movements were present. During the classical music, subjects made subtle swaying movements and briefly closed their look like showing they were relaxed into it. During the pop and rap music, the head swaying became more upbeat and the subjects smiled or lightly chuckled while their eyes were open. The rock genre and techno genres had similar movements and expression as the pop music. three-figureTable 1 Displays heart rates (bpm) of ten subjectsduring resting heart rate, classical, pop, country, jazz, and techno hearings for six trials. clearsTrials Resting (bpm1.0) unblemished(bpm1.0) bulge(bpm1.0) sphere(bpm1.0) get along(bpm1.0)Techno(bpm1.0) surmount 1(14 age old)161607463687526361726169733636075606974 exit 2(14 long time old)464577360677456257755969766635874597075Subject 3(15 years old)162627062727326261716273 753636170607176Subject 4(15 years old)463636958747256362676074716626368577371Subject 5(16 years old)163617659727426562745971773656076617276Subject 6(16 years old)465597562747556661736073766645974637578Subject 7(17 years old)162607557707826162735672753636477586976Subject 8(17 years old)464647260757356463686373726666471597772Subject 9(18 years old)160587658737325961745670733595975597471Subject 10(18 years old)463596962727256760725871706655771607173I conducted the mean of the different bpm values for resting and the five genres of music (classical, pop, country, techno, and jazz) for each of the five subjects. This statistic allowed me to observe the average heart rate of each subject under the influence of the different music genres. Through this analysis, I was able to collocate the data and compare the differences in the bpm for each music genre. It gave me the ability to determine if a certain genre caused a larger average bpm for the subject and how it changed based on the intens ity of the genre.I conducted the range of bpm of all six trials for each type of exercise. This statistic allowed me to identify the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value for bpm during each music listening. It gave me the ability to determine the distribution of my data for each different genre of music. Due to its small number, this value showed me that my average bpm for each exercise was overall pretty self-consistent, and did not fluctuate greatly during the three trials for each age section.I conducted the standard deviation of heart rate bpm from all six trials for each genre of music conducted. This statistic allowed me to obtain a more detailed and accurate estimate of the airing in the data values because one outlier can greatly inflate the data in the range, therefore making it inaccurate. The standard deviation showed me the relation of the bpm for all three trials to its mean value. Since it was a small value, it showed me that the bpm levels sta yed mainly constant throughout the trials with a small dispersion of data. I conducted a percent change in order to determine the change in my bpm values between each genre of music and resting. By doing so, I analyzed by how much of a difference (bpm) value there was for each genre of music compared to resting. This was done to see if there was a significant increase or decrease in the bpm values between the genres of music and resting.Table 2 Displays average heart rate of ten subjects (bpm) and average data dispersion for eachgenre of music Subject writing style of MusicAverage (bpm)Range (bpm)Standard diversionary attackSubject 1(14 years old)Resting62.32.01.2Classical60.31.00.6Pop73.63.01.2 rustic61.33.01.2 fare68.61.00.6Techno742.01Subject 2(14 years old)Resting632.01Classical57.31.00.6Pop742.01Country59.31.00.6 recognise68.63.01.5Techno752.01Subject 3(15 years old)Resting62.31.00.6Classical61.31.00.6Pop70.31.00.6Country61.32.01.2 manage722.01Techno743.01.5Subject 4(15 years old)Resting62.61.00.6Classical62.61.00.6Pop682.01Country58.33.01.5Jazz73.61.00.6Techno71.33.00.6Subject 5(16 years old)Resting64.32.01.2Classical612.01Pop75.32.01.2Country59.62.01.2Jazz71.61.00.6Techno75.63.01.5Subject 6(16 years old)Resting652.01Classical59.62.01.2Pop75.32.01Country61.63.01.5Jazz742.01Techno76.33.01.5Subject 7(17 years old)Resting622.01Classical624.02Pop754.92Country572.01Jazz70.33.01.5Techno76.33.01.5Subject 8(17 years old)Resting64.62.01.2Classical63.61.00.6Pop70.34.02.1Country60.64.02.1Jazz754.02Techno72.31.00.6Subject 9(18 years old)Resting59.31.00.6Classical59.33.01.5Pop752.01Country57.63.01.5Jazz72.34.02.1Techno72.32.01.2Subject 10(18 years old)Resting654.02Classical58.63.01.5Pop70.63.01.5Country604.02Jazz71.31.00.6Techno71.63.01.5Table 3 Displays total average bpm of all ten subjectscombined, average data dispersion for each genre, and comparison of average bpm of genres and resting using percent differenceSubjectMusic GenreTotal Average (bpm)Total Range (bp m)Standard Deviation serving Difference from RestingCombined (10)Resting638.01.80.0Classical60.67.02.0-3.8Pop72.710.02.715.4Country59.77.01.6-5.2Jazz71.710.02.113.8Techno73.98.01.917.3ConclusionThe results supported my initial hypothesis however, they were not statistically significant. ab initio I hypothesized that classical music would result in a lowering of the heart rate while techno music would have the most influence on raising the heart rate. According to my results, the percent difference between resting and classical music is -3.8% and the percent difference between resting and techno music is 17.3%, livelihood my hypothesis. Country music also lowered the average heart rate by a lower -5.2%, while pop and jazz music heighted the heart rate by 15.4% and 13.8% respectively. The more upbeat songs such as the pop, jazz, and techno appeared to have increased the heart rates of the subjects as predicted, and the slower more relaxed songs such as the classical and country musi c lowered the heart rates.This experiment can be expanded to possibly aid in the development of new therapeutic methods based for cardiac conditions based on music. It can also be used to help aid in the stressful lives of teenagers, often resulting in higher-than-normal heart rates (Smolen et al, 2002). The results of my study, although not statistically significant support the findings of other scientists researching the field. Increases in systolic and diastolic pressures during exposure to steady noise and music with high intensity peaks are present (Epperson, 2011). This would account for genres of music such as techno that have a consistent beat and high peaks of volume. The opposite can be observed for classical music that constantly changes in rhythm and lack